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' (sometimes written ' with the ligature æ) was one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) and introduced the Linnaean taxonomy. Although the system, now known as binomial nomenclature, was partially developed by the Bauhin brothers, Gaspard and Johann, 200 years earlier,〔Windelspecht (2002), p. 28.〕 Linnaeus was first to use it consistently throughout his book. The first edition was published in 1735. The full title of the 10th edition (1758), which was the most important one, was ' or translated: "System of nature through the three kingdoms of nature, according to classes, orders, genera and species, with characters, differences, synonyms, places". The tenth edition of this book (1758) is considered the starting point of zoological nomenclature. In 1766–1768 Linnaeus published the much enhanced 12th edition, the last under his authorship. Another again enhanced work in the same style and entitled "'" was published by Johann Friedrich Gmelin between 1788 and 1793. Since at least the early 1900s zoologists commonly recognized this as the last edition belonging to this series.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sherborn, C. D. 1902. )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Neave, S. A. 1939–1940, updated )〕 It was also officially regarded by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 296 (26 Oct 1954) as the 13th edition of ''Systema Naturae''.〔''Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature'' 8: 167–178, also p. 318 in (ICZN 1987. ) Official lists and indexes of names and works in zoology. – pp. 1–366. London. (The International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature).〕 == Overview == Linnaeus (later known as "Carl von Linné", after his ennoblement in 1761) published the first edition of ' in the year 1735, during his stay in the Netherlands. As was customary for the scientific literature of its day, the book was published in Latin. In it, he outlined his ideas for the hierarchical classification of the natural world, dividing it into the animal kingdom ('), the plant kingdom ('), and the "mineral kingdom" ('). Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturae'' lists only about 10,000 species of organisms, of which about 6,000 are plants and 4,236 are animals. According to the historian of botany William T. Stearn, "Even in 1753 he believed that the number of species of plants in the whole world would hardly reach 10,000; in his whole career he named about 7,700 species of flowering plants." Linnaeus did not suppose that his classification of the plant kingdom in the book was natural, reflecting the logic of God's creation. His sexual system, where species with the same number of stamens were treated in the same group, was convenient but in his view artificial.〔 Linnaeus believed in God's creation, and that there were no deeper relationships to be expressed. He is frequently quoted to have said. "God created, Linnaeus organized". The classification of animals was more natural. For instance, humans were for the first time placed together with other primates, as Anthropomorpha. In view of the popularity of the work, Linnaeus kept publishing new and ever-expanding editions, growing from eleven very large pages in the first edition (1735) to 2,400 pages in the 12th edition (1766–1768). Also, as the work progressed, he made changes: in the first edition, whales were classified as fishes, following the work of Linnaeus' friend and "father of ichthyology" Peter Artedi; in the 10th edition, published in 1758, whales were moved into the mammal class. In this same edition, he introduced two part names (see binomen) for animal species, something he had done for plant species (see binary name) in the 1753 publication of '. The system eventually developed into modern Linnaean taxonomy, a hierarchically organized biological classification. After the decline in Linnaeus' health in the early 1770s, publication of editions of ''Systema Naturae'' went in two different directions. Another Swedish scientist, Johan Andreas Murray issued the ''Regnum Vegetabile'' section separately in 1774 as the ''Systema Vegetabilium'', rather confusingly labelled the 13th edition. Meanwhile a 13th edition of the entire ''Systema'' appeared in parts between 1788-1793. It was as the ''Systema Vegetabilium'', that Linnaeus' work became widely known in England following translation from the Latin by the Lichfield Botanical Society, as ''A System of Vegetables'' (1783–1785). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Systema Naturae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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